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Penile–Scrotal Disproportion in the Older Male: Case Study and Surgical Approac

Background In older males with erectile dysfunction, a penile prosthesis combined with testosterone replacement therapy can produce notable improvements. However, this benefit comes with a trade-off — progressive testicular atrophy. Testosterone accelerates the natural age-related reduction in testicular size, and when penile length is increased, the contrast makes the testicles appear even smaller. The result Read More…

The Anterior Sagittal Crest Reduction in Humans: Case Study

Background The sagittal crest is a raised midline ridge of bone most commonly seen in many mammals and reptiles. It serves as the attachment site for the temporal muscles—developmentally indicating strong jaw function. In general, the higher the sagittal crest, the larger and stronger the temporal jaw muscles (e.g., gorillas, certain dinosaurs). Humans typically do Read More…

Resection of Facial Artery Aneurysm Caused by Injectable Filler Injury: A Case Study

Background Injectable fillers are among the most commonly performed nonsurgical aesthetic procedures for the face, having been used hundreds of millions of times over the past two decades. While a wide variety of filling agents exist, all share one essential aspect: they must be injected. Traditionally, this was done using a beveled needle to puncture Read More…

Plastic Surgery Case Study: Occipital Bone Reduction Surgery for Posterior Skull Protrusion

Background The success of skull reduction surgery depends primarily on the thickness of the undesired bony protrusion. These protrusions are generally categorized as either ectopic or developmental. Ectopic skull protrusions are localized bony bumps, often resulting from trauma. They tend to be thicker than the surrounding bone. The most well-known of these is the osteoma, Read More…

Plastic Surgery Case Study: Custom Wrap-Around Skull Implant for Narrow Head Shape

Background A narrow head shape in adults can only be corrected through implant augmentation. The most critical design consideration is whether the implant should remain within the bony temporal line or extend beyond it. Type 1 Implants augment only the sides of the head and stay within the temporal lines. Type 2 Implants—used for more Read More…

Zygomatic Sandwich Osteotomy (ZSO) Cheek Augmentation Reversal Technique

Cheek augmentation can be achieved through several methods—most commonly, injectable fillers, fat grafting, and cheek implants. Each option serves a role in enhancing facial aesthetics. However, when it comes to consistent shape, defined size, long-term permanency, and potential reversibility, cheek implants remain the gold standard. Yet, not all patients are comfortable with the idea of Read More…

The Psychology of Facial Structural Reshaping Surgery

There are many reasons why patients seek surgical changes to their faces. With more than twenty facial regions that can be altered, the possibilities for enhancement are virtually endless. Broadly speaking, facial cosmetic surgery falls into two categories: anti-aging procedures and structural surgery—a distinction that largely mirrors the difference between soft tissue and hard tissue Read More…

Dual Reduction Techniques for Temporal Muscle Reduction: Safe and Effective Head Width Reshaping

The width of the side of the head through subtotal temporal muscle removal has proven to be a consistently safe and effective aesthetic procedure. A common and understandable question from patients is whether this type of muscle reduction might impair jaw function or chewing. It seems logical to assume that removing a portion of a Read More…

Expanding the Masculine Custom Forehead Implant Using A Secondary Overlay Concept : A Case Study Of Its Application

A custom forehead-brow bone implant is the definitive procedure for masculinizing the upper third of the male face. As the largest single-piece custom facial implant, it can produce a dramatic transformation. Typically inserted through a scalp incision positioned near the coronal suture line, the implant’s placement is guided by the inferior border of the brow Read More…

Key Considerations in Custom Jawline Implant Design: Focus on the Jaw Angle

In designing a custom jawline implant, one of the most critical areas to address is the jaw angle. As a paired and highly visible part of the lower face, the jaw angles have a major impact on aesthetic outcomes. For many patients—particularly men—the primary goal is to achieve strong, angular, and well-defined jaw angles that Read More…